We Need A Law Making Them Teach Evolution in Church!

My first draft title was "Why it's Stupid to Teach Creationism in Public Schools", but I figured that wouldn't catch as much attention as the one I went with.

So here are the reasons why it is stupid to try to get creationism, or as it is politically known today, un-Intelligent Design taught in public schools:

1. It's wrong, you’re wrong, your argument disproves itself:
If we are too perfect to have just happened by chance, therefore a superior being with a plan must have designed us that way, then who designed this higher, even more perfect designer? If we couldn't have just happened, then neither could the "intelligent being" who made us. The same logic has to apply.

2. There is no proof:
There is about as much fact and science to back this up as there is on the theory of how the ancient Sumerians were descendents of aliens bred with apes. Both have some written account, although the Sumerians text is at least first hand, unlike the Bible. Please show me one credible, accepted scientific article that proves, or offers any evidence for creationism. And I am not talking about just attacking one small part of natural selection; I want proof from your side, not someone discrediting something from my side.

3. I am always right, therefore, I must be right about this too

4. You can always send them to a Christian School or teach them yourself:
They would also teach your kid that the Earth has only been here for 10k years, so you can ignore the fossil records that conclude anatomically modern man didn't exist on this earth since the beginning of time and didn't show up in the fossil records until about 100,000 years ago. They would also skip over the part as to why there are several different races on this planet that are best suited for their geographic environments. Oh, I forgot, one of Noah's son's was black, one was white, one was Asian and the other was Middle Eastern. Oh, and since Native Americans didn't originally come from Asia, one of his son's wives must have been Cherokee.

5. You could move to Saudi Arabia or Iran where the teachers would be stoned if they taught evolution:
Of course, your kids would be subject to all their curriculum such as blowing themselves up, "America the Infidels", "Women are Men's servants", and "If you die for Allah, you get 70 virgins in Heaven." Do you see where I am going with this?

6. You wouldn't want us to force you to teach Evolution in Church would you? There is a time and place for everything; Science belongs in a class room, Mysticism and fantasy belongs in Babylon 5 episodes and Sunday school. Since you can't measure faith, dig up fossils of faith, or put it in a test tube, you can't put it in a science classroom.

A question for all the Intelligent Design people out there: If your "hypothesis" about a higher being than us being responsible for man is true, then exactly how do you propose we teach this in school?

Intelligent Design, a trick phrase creation scientists (a contradiction in terms) used to promote creationism, implies that a higher being, not necessarily God, created the world and man, or maybe just man, which is it? Does that mean, since you want all viewpoints given equal consideration, teachers must teach kids that it is possible that aliens colonized the Earth, spliced DNA and are responsible for creating humans, or that the Greek God's made us, or do we teach them that God created Adam and Eve? Intelligent Design, by definition, implies either. Again, there are ancient written accounts of all of these events, why give more validity to one and not the other? Is it just because one is more popular? Or is it just what you were taught by your parents?

If this solution is not acceptable to you then why don't you just call a spade a spade and stop camouflaging the term "Intelligent Design" and go back to creationism, Christianity, Adam and Steve or what ever you called it before all of this cloaked terminology you are trying to force down impressionable children's throats.

Do you really think we should replace a theory that is 90% complete with a hunch that is 0% complete? The Bible, written by man after the fact, doesn't count as proof.

Didn't we already settle this 80 years ago back in Tennessee?



Ooops, looks like Falcarius just got caught in the act of evolving from a dinosaur to a bird.

Falcarius Evolving

How to Avoid Shitty Blogs

If you, as I often do, scroll through blogger land by hitting the next button you will notice that you are inundated with bad blogs. As to not miss anything good, you typically spend at least a couple of minutes trying to find out what that site is about only to find that it's mindless dribble and you have just wasted five minutes of your aging life.

I have come up with a system that will immediately let you know how to avoid such blogs without actually reading any of the posts.

Don't read any blog that has ___"see below"____ in/on it, because it's going to suck ass:

Pictures of naked dudes
The color pink
Blinking / Flashing
Japanamation characters
Pictures of celebrities
Articles about celebrities
A Picture of Eminem
The words "youth group"
The word "teen"
Hearts
Unicorns
More than one scroll down screen
Streaming music from 50 cent
Pictures of Honda Civics with wings
Bitching about how bad America has it
Pop up ads
No next button / blogger bar
A foreign language, but doesn't have artsy looking photos of nude women on beaches
The words Mortgage or Home Equity
Any kind of business promotion
Short hand, example: "I luv 2 rite 4 u"
A "Friend of Israel" banner; No, the biggest recipient of US aid doesn't need your support!
A blogs for Bush banner; the previous applies!
A picture of someone's baby
A picture of something someone has knitted
Any discussion about the "war against Christians / the religious right and the liberal media"
More than four paragraphs per post (Me excluded)
A personal journal; No one cares if you ran out of clean socks!
No place for comments; Because you know you are wrong!
Wolves
A depiction comparing anything to Hitler and the Nazi's
Photos of someone's piercings that they think will freak you out
Pictures of someone's truck or motorcycle
And unless you're a bald eagle, no pictures of eagles standing in front of a flag!
Any shitty list of any kind!

Perfect example of a shitty blog : Shitty Blog

My other shitty lists:

How to be a Republican
Top 25 Ipod Desert Island Songs
Crazy Left Wing Liberal Causes
Classic Sex Offenders
Bomb Throwing Hate Peddlers
Just Sign My Guest Book

Flip Flop Flip Flop

Bush: "I don't think our troops ought to be used for what's called nation-building. . . . I think what we need to do is convince people who live in the lands they live in to build the nations. Maybe I'm missing something here. I mean, we're going to have a kind of nation-building corps from America? Absolutely not."

Wednesday, May 11, 2005
WASHINGTON (CNN) -- President Bush has signed an $82 billion spending bill to pay for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and other projects, including border enforcement and tsunami relief, the White House said Wednesday.

Bush: "New democracies are taking root in Iraq and Afghanistan, and America is proud to stand with them","This legislation will help America continue to promote freedom and democracy."

Ok, I know I am not the first to point this out but come on!

They try to excuse this by saying: "it's a different world since 9/11" or "9/11 changed things".

No, before 9/11 there were obviously plenty of terrorist nuts out there who were plotting to attack America. Now, after 9/11, there's a bunch of terrorist nuts out there who are plotting to attack America.

Nothing has changed. Unless of course you count all the terrorists we killed in Iraq, then, by their counts, there are fewer threats than before.

Best Sports Photo Ever

I am not a huge sports guy but being from Indianapolis I have to make mention of this. Reggie Miller played his final game last night and I will always remember this shot. He scored 8 points in 8.9 seconds to beat the Knick's in game one of the '95 Eastern Conference semifinals. To Knick’s fans it has to be the equivalent of the JFK assassination.

Basketball fan or not, you have to appreciate this photo; the looks on the faces of the people in the crowd say it all.

Eye for an Eye School of Law

Would you want a crazy fundamentalist Muslim who went to some unaccredited Muslim-only law school representing you, a Christian, in a criminal case? Better yet, you wouldn't want this type of judge presiding over a controversial first amendment case involving a painting of Christians killing Muslims in the crusades would you? That's exactly what Jerry Falwell would like to do. Of course, he would never approve of a Muslim-only law school which derives its code of ethics from the Quran, but he obviously approves of a Christian-only law school which derives it's code of ethics from the Baptist Bible. That's right; Jerry Falwell's Liberty University is joining the ranks of Pat Robertson’s Regent University, and now has a law school, if you can call it that. They only have 9 professors and are not accredited by the American Bar Association.

Falwell: "Liberty University's School of Law will employ professors who are: committed to the inspiration and infallibility of the Bible; committed to the Lordship of Jesus Christ; committed to a strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution; committed to training godly attorneys for the law profession, for service in American government or as judges and justices. "

There are several things wrong with the idea of a religious, especially Christian-only, law school. First of all, they are guilty of creating sinners themselves. I don't think becoming a lawyer would count as a sin, nor would going to a Christians only law school, a rip off maybe but not a sin, but the Bible does say that judging another man is wrong and we have no right to do so. Therefore, any Christian judge or justice is inherently a sinner, according to the Bible.
Here are a few scriptures proving my point:

Matthew 7:1:
Judge not, that ye be not judged. 2: For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again. 3: And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye?

Romans 1:32:
Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.

Romans 2:1: Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.

The other thing wrong with this is that they typically derive their legal and moral values from the Old Testament and the Ten Commandments, not the New Testament which I have just done. Anyone familiar with the Bible knows that the New Testament is the only law that Jesus requires his believers to follow, and that the Old Testament is no longer the guideline as to how to get into heaven, and what Jesus taught replaced the 10 commandments. If those old laws still applied, Christians would still be going to church on Saturdays, they would eat Kosher, never shave their beards and stone their children when they, well, got stoned and talked back to them.


The Old Testament is where you find the ever so brilliant philosophy of eye for an eye, which we all know leaves everyone blind. Could you imagine a Christian judge who had to sentence a child molester; does that mean he would be sentenced to having children molest him? That's an eye for an eye right? He may like that sentence a little too much. Plus that would violate parts of the 10 commandments such as Adultery and thou shall not covet thy neighbor's ass. If coveting thy neighbor's ass is a crime, lock me up, because I have been guilty of that throughout my entire life.

The other problem with training kids to become "Christian Lawyers", is that Christianity has no business in our laws to begin with. More than anything, a Judge applying his "Christian ethics" to any legal decision is unconstitutional Toad Report / Separation. I have said this over and over again, the only 2 of the 10 commandments that may be attributed to our current laws are don't kill, and don't steal. Both of these are basic common sense that have existed in non-Christian societies since the beginning of time to the present day (Communists, Socialists, Pagans, Muslims, Jews etc.).

This is another attempt by the Christian right to install activist judges to the bench that will bring back slavery, end abortion, end free speech(for non-Christians), allow religious political campaigning, take women out of the work force, change laws to favor Christian politicians, allow them to beat their kids, teach unintelligent design in schools and force everyone to live under the ancient and archaic laws of the Old Testament, and not the laws, freedoms and Constitution of the United States.


PBU20

New Species

from CNN Thursday, May 12, 2005 Posted: 10:14 AM EDT
New species of rodent found in Laos:
New Species

A question for Christians / creationists:
If no one in the world besides local villagers knew of the existence of this animal, how did Noah get it on the Ark, and how did he return it back to Laos after the flood?

Better yet, why are Laotians short? Why do they have black hair, tan skin and slanted eyes? Is that what Noah looked like? After all, since God wiped out the entire earth besides Noah and his family, we are all descendents of Noah, right?

I know that being a Christian forbids you to succomb to logic, but it's ok, I promise, it won't make baby Jesus cry.

File Under WTF!

Ok, I don't know for whom this bathroom was intended but all I have to say is gross. This looks to be a public bathroom but I couldn't think of a worse fate than having to watch a guy two feet away from me take a shit. Who was the architectural genius who came up with this one?
Even worse, what if this wasn't a public bathroom, and this was some wacko couple’s way of showing the world how close and intimate they are. I could almost excuse military style shitters side by side, but this isn't a military bathroom and it's not side by side. In other words there is no excuse for this and if you disagree, you are wrong, and I have a feeling that my blog is not the type of website you typically frequent.

Glamorous Life of A Junkie!

If anyone has ever wondered what it is like to truly be a junkie, I have some suggested reading for you.
A lot of kids see the rock star lifestyle as glamorous and cool. They think they are rebelling and like the shock value that comes with this sort of lifestyle.
Having a brother who has been an addict for roughly 10 years and a heroin addict for about 3 years I can tell you that this is not an easy way out. If you think waking up at 7am in the morning, working 45 hours a week, having someone tell you what to do all the time is hard; Try being a heroin addict. Sure, your typical stoner lifestyle is easy, you wake and bake around 11:30 am, go to work at the record store or coffee shop 30 hours a week and play in your band on the weekend, live in a shitty apartment, with a shitty roommate and drive a shitty car but all in all it's a laid back easy life. If you don't like your job you can just quit, after all, you are going to be a rockstar. Once you cross that line into doing heroin, shooting up, stealing to support your habit, pawning all of your possessions and doing things you always said you wouldn't do, then you have gone too far and you need serious help.

Anyway, enough ranting, see for yourself, read part one before you read part two, there will be a part three in due time:

http://thetwominuteshate.blogspot.com/

Look Ma I'm a Republican, Sort Of

I am: 21% Republican.

"You're probably one of those people who still thinks that getting a blowjob is not an impeachable offense."

Are You A Republican?

Oh, and you have probably seen this, its one of those chain letters but kind of clever, I have added a couple myself:

Things you have to believe to be a Republican today:

- Being a drug addict is a moral failing and a crime, unless you're a conservative radio host. Then it's an illness and you need our prayers for your recovery

- Government should relax regulation of Big Business and Big Money but crack down on individuals who use marijuana to relieve the pain of illness

- "Standing Tall for America" means firing your workers and moving their jobs to India

- A woman can't be trusted with decisions about her own body, but multi-national corporations can make decisions affecting all mankind without regulation

- Jesus loves you, and shares your hatred of gays and Hillary Clinton

- The best way to improve military morale is to praise the troops in speeches while slashing veterans' benefits and combat pay.

- If condoms are kept out of schools, adolescents won't have sex

- A good way to fight terrorism is to belittle our long-time allies, then demand their cooperation and money

- HMOs and insurance companies have the interest of the public at heart

- Providing health care to all Iraqis is sound policy. Providing health care to all Americans is socialism.

- Global warming and tobacco's link to cancer are junk science, but creationism should be taught in schools

- Saddam was a good guy when Reagan armed him, a bad guy when Bush's daddy made war on him, a good guy when Cheney did business with him and a bad guy when Bush needed a "we can't find Bin Laden" diversion

- A president lying about an extramarital affair is an impeachable offense. A president lying to enlist support for a war in which thousands die is solid defense policy.

- Government should limit itself to the powers named in the Constitution, which include banning gay marriages and censoring the Internet

- The public has a right to know about Hillary's cattle trades, but George Bush's driving record is none of our business.

-Black people in this country have the same opportunities in life as white people.

-Being born with money doesn't give you any advantages or benefits over people who are born without it.

-Babies who are born poor are just lazy.

-Child safety caps on aspirin, channel lock outs on TVs, and child safety locks on car doors are a great way to keep our children safe; Child safety locks on semi-automatic weapons is Communism.

- What Bill Clinton did in the 1960s is of vital national interest, but what Bush did in the '80s is irrelevant.

- Trade with Cuba is wrong because the country is communist, but trade with China and Vietnam is vital to a spirit of international harmony

Gullible Christians

Lately, there have apparently been a lot of Jesus, Mary the mother of Jesus and also Satan sightings in someone's steamy shower, bowl of corn flakes or as a stain on the side of the wall. Now you may say that this is impossible, and even if it were possible why would the all powerful son of God or Satan for that matter, decide to ambiguously leave a sad looking profile of themselves in some Mexican family's back yard. Since no one knows what either Jesus or Mary looked like, why does everything that looks like the shape of a person get attributed to them? Why when one sees a shape in a pile of dog shit are they convinced that this is an image of Jesus? Why couldn't it be Joseph, Elvis, Stalin, Marilyn Monroe, a guy who used to live next door, or better yet, just a pile of dog shit that took the shape of something that it is not?

The grilled cheese is a prime example of what I am talking about; if this image looks like anybody it's Marilyn Monroe, not Mary the mother of Jesus:


Here are some other photos that claim to be, but are not, images of Satan, Jesus or Mary:


This was actually reported in the news. Idiots!


So if this is supposed to me Mary, why doesn't it look like the same person in the grilled cheese? To me it looks like one of the aliens from Close Encounters.


Come on now, we all know this is just a lost Picasso painting.


Courtesy of my home town.


Yes, I admit the guy on the cross does look like Jesus, but they are talking about the light refraction in the window.


This just looks like someone got done taking a shower, It looks more like a bowling Pin or a Penguin than anything else.


It looks like the figure from burning man, If that is what Jesus looked like, no one would have followed him, he looks like a wuss!


No this just isn't a turtle with markings that resemble a goat, it's Satan.


This is supposedly both Jesus and his cross, now crosses have souls and can appear as apparitions too.


So I guess this would be the virgin womb that gave birth to the wooden baby Jesus.


Holy shit! It's a miracle, I spilled some water on the floor and Jesus is trying to tell me that he was on a cross once, or something.

The latter is the only image that wasn't reported by the media. So not only do people think that God is talking to them, but they actually convince a news team to come out and photograph it.

Another point that needs to be brought up is why does this only happen to Christians, mainly Catholics with Spanish or Italian last names, but never Jews or Muslims? When was the last time Moses appeared to a Jew in his window? Could it be that they for one don't believe in icons and therefore don't claim to know what Moses looked like? Or could it be that they are simply not that fucking stupid?
If I were Jesus, I wouldn't waste my time showing my moms junk to a bunch of believers, I would appear to the people who I was trying to reach and convert.
Come to think of it, I would probably make it a bit more obvious than water a stain on the side of a bridge or a shape in a bowl of oatmeal. And if I had a message, I would just write it instead of leaving my face on the side of everything. Saddam Hussein's image used to appear on the sides of buildings all the time, does this mean Jesus is just an egomaniac dictator who is in love with his own image?



Oh, and by the way, this is not Jesus either, nor did Jesus want you to vote for him. Jesus was not a Republican he was a Socialist.


“Thou shalt not make to thyself a graven thing, nor the likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or in the earth beneath, nor of those things that are in the waters under the earth.” (Exodus 20: 4)

A Letter From Barack Obama

I recently wrote a letter through Government Guide to my US Rep Janice Schakowsky and Senator Barack Obama concerning the drilling in ANWR. I just wanted to express my view that there was really only about a year and a halves worth of oil up there and that it wasn't worth the risk of another Valdez type disaster. I went on to state the obvious that the real problem isn't dependence on foreign oil, but dependence on oil.
The response I got back from Schakowsky seemed to be your typical cookie cutter response that was tailored to the subject but addressed nothing specifically.
I then got a letter back from Obama that actually looks like it was typed up as a direct response to my letter. Although I doubt it was he who actually typed it, it does appear that someone actually put some personal effort into it, and didn't send out the prewritten response that you would expect.

I may be wrong, but I still like what he has to say. He's got my next vote.

Dear John:

Thank you for writing to convey your concern about the future of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). I appreciate reading your comments on this important issue.

I agree that drilling in ANWR is not the answer to solving our countries energy problems and believe our country needs a more balanced national energy policy that promotes conservation and the development of renewable energy sources. Specifically, I support increasing the fuel efficiency standards for automobiles, promoting the use of biodiesel and ethanol and creating incentives for private companies to explore the possibilities of other forms of renewable energy. By relying more on energy conservation and shifting our countries goals toward exploring and expanding viable sources of renewable energy, we can develop a more sound energy policy that also preserves our planets natural resources.

I am particularly troubled by the tactic of the proponents of drilling in ANWR to include this authority in the annual congressional budget resolution that is not subject to filibuster. I voted to remove the ANWR provision from the budget resolution, but unfortunately that effort was defeated by a vote of 49 to 51. I can assure you, however, that this fight is not over, and it is my hope that in the final analysis we will be able to reverse this ill-advised action.It is unfortunate that the past Congress failed to reach agreement on a common sense, balanced and comprehensive energy bill. I look forward to debating this critical issue as the 109th session of Congress continues.

Sincerely,

Barack Obama

United States Senator

Top 25 Songs of all Time

I just responded to a post on another web-site that was asking what songs you would put on your Ipod if you were going to be stranded on an island for the rest of your life, AKA what songs are brilliant and move you in one way or another, and I came up with a list of the top 25, in no particular order:
The Clash - Straight to Hell
The Pogues - Fairy Tale of New York / Sick Bed of Culchallan tie
Modest Mouse - Trailer Trash or Third Planet
Pink Floyd - The entire Wall Album (cheated)
Queen - Under Pressure
Quicksand - Landmine Spring
Jets to Brazil - Rocket Boy (Personal,must hear)
Ben E. King - Stand By Me
Radiohead - Fake Plastic Trees
Red House Painters - Drop
Samiam - Capsized
Thrice - Artist in the Ambulance (Lyrics/personal)
Louis Armstrong - Wonderful World
Sunny Day Real Estate - Iscarabaid
Johnny Cash - Long Black Vail
Bob Dylan - 7 Curses
Bad Religion - Anesthesia
Neurosis - Lost
Tom Waits - Black Wings
The Stones - Paint it Black
The Byrds - Turn Turn Turn
Public Enemy - Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos
Aerosmith - Dream On
Hank Williams Jr. - Country Boy Can Survive
The Pixies - Where is my Mind

Ok, I don't have any Beatles, so sue me.

What are your top 25? Don't forget about The Police!

Populate my Map

I could write a post on how Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, who is a doctor, thinks that sweat and saliva can transmit HIV. I could also write a post about how House Majority Leader Tom Delay has a list of ethics violations so long that it would make Nixon blush, at the same time sucking off conservatives making them think he stands on some moral high ground. Delay has also wasted an unprecedented amount of time and energy violating the constitution in order to keep one lady alive, but is the same guy who made the decision to withhold his father’s dialysis when he suffered brain damage in 1988, thus allowing him to die and exposing the extent of his hypocritical nature.

I could write about all of those things but I really just wanted to let everyone know that I now have this cool guest map that I want everyone to fill out. It's a good promotional tool for your own site and let's me know who is reading my blog and where they are from.

http://pub45.bravenet.com/guestmap/view.php?usernum=3836343705

Good Gun Logic

From cnn 4/5/05 8:04pm est:
TALLAHASSEE, Florida (AP) -- Gov. Jeb Bush said Tuesday he intends to sign a bill that would allow people who feel threatened -- even on the street or at a baseball game -- to "meet force with force" and defend themselves without fear of prosecution.

What that means is if you see a guy on the street who you think is going to rob you, or you see as a threat, you have the right to pull out a gun and shoot him first. In other words, if you're white and you see two black kids approaching you, you can go Goetz on them.

So does this means one could shoot Jeb Bush if they saw him on the street? After all, He could be perceived as a threat to world peace, national security, the US economy and our civil liberties if he were to run for President.

Imagine the irony. That would almost be like sticking your head out of the window of a moving car and trying to spit, only to have it come back and hit you in the face. But then again, he is a Bush and that probably makes perfect sense to him.

The "Kill Bill" (HB249) is of course backed by the NRA and sponsored by Florida Republican Bill Baxley, the same nut who is responsible for Florida HB 837, which would allow Conservative Christians and Nazi's to sue "liberal" professors at state colleges if they talk about "controversial" subjects such as evolution and the holocaust.

Crazy Left Wing Liberal Causes

I went to a website the other day titled "Liberal Utopia", and in the synopsis the author says he wants to show what a hell this country would be if the "liberals" got their way. Well, he didn't do that; he basically sucked Bush off for a while and then took the all too predictable stances on Schiavo, ANWR, SS, guns and all the other issues that Jesus would have sided with two thousand years ago. After spending my three minutes on his page I soon found myself reading CNN, updating my blog, looking at porn , jamming darts into my eyes or something else a little more productive. I soon started contemplating what the world would be like if the liberals had their way.

Although some may, I have never really considered myself a "bleeding heart lefty liberal", other than maybe a few social issues such as tolerance and equality, but then I don't really consider those causes to be liberal, just logical. At this point I started looking at what "liberal" causes have done for this guy, and everyone else in this country, and realized that without these liberal causes, this country would be hell.

Here are all the crazy ideas we can blame on those hippie/commie liberals:

The freedom to write this blog
40 hour work weeks
The weekend
Overtime pay
Holidays and Holiday pay
Child welfare laws
Child labor laws
Homeless shelters
Clean air
Clean water
National Parks
Forest Preserves
Unemployment benefits
Social Security
Drug treatment centers
Tenant rights
Historical preservation societies
Free Libraries
Campaign laws
After school programs
Antitrust laws
Desegregation
Equal opportunity
And most importantly the 1st, 4th, 5th,6th,7th,8th,9th,13th,14th,15th,16th,19th,21st and 24th amendments and everything they include such as the abolition of slavery and women’s rights, just to name a few.

Ya Ya, I'll give credit where credit is due; conservatives are responsible for 2nd and 18th amendments.

Hmm, how valid is that 18th amendment now?

Constitutial Amendments

Please let me know if I have left any out.